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How much UK work can AI already do?

A map of every UK occupation. Find your role and see what AI can do unaided, what it can do with the right tools, and what still needs a person.

£107bn of UK wages a language model could already do unaided.

£558bn once it works with tools and your own context, which is closer to how work runs in 2026.

Two clerks at the US Census Bureau punching population cards on a pantograph and a keypunch, with filing boxes behind them
21.0m
employees in view
1.4/10
wage-weighted avg exposure
direct-replacement (α), other: 7.2/10
employment by exposure band
Direct (α)
78%
11%
7%
With tools (γ)
13%
10%
13%
15%
49%
Minimal 0–2Low 2–4Moderate 4–6High 6–8Very high 8–10
Almost no role hits 8+ under α because senior-judgment tasks aren't labelled "direct LLM replacement". The γ row shows the fuller picture. Roughly 4 in 10 employee jobs sit at 8 or above when a model with tools is counted.
Reading the colours as:
Showing what an LLM can do unaided today. The strict reading.
Managers, directors and senior officialsProfessional occupationsAssociate professional occupationsAdministrative and s…Sales and customer se…Elementary occupationsSkilled trades oc…Process, plant…Caring, leisure and other service …Financial managers and directors 430k employees, median £65,336, exposure 0.0/10Financial managers and…430k, 0.0/10Production managers and directors in manufacturing 479k employees, median £52,885, exposure 0.7/10Production managers an…479k, 0.7/10Marketing, sales and advertising directors 216k employees, median £90,000, exposure 0.3/10Marketing, sales a…216k, 0.3/10Managers and directors in retail and wholesale 336k employees, median £36,006, exposure 0.0/10Managers and direc…336k, 0.0/10Chief executives and senior officials 133k employees, median £89,835, exposure 0.4/10Chief executives a…133k, 0.4/10Functional managers and directors n.e.c. 136k employees, median £69,996, exposure 0.7/10Functiona…Human resource managers and directors 171k employees, median £54,474, exposure 0.7/10Human res…Production managers and directors in construction 102k employees, median £54,947, exposure 0.4/10Productio…Information technology directors 60k employees, median £90,081, exposure 1.2/10Property, housing and estate managers 118k employees, median £41,115, exposure 0.3/10Health services and public health managers and directors 64k employees, median £55,879, exposure 0.0/10Managers in storage and warehousing 95k employees, median £36,620, exposure 0.2/10Other Managers, directors and senior officials (17 smaller occupations) 453k employees, weighted median £45,661, avg exposure 0.6/10Other Managers,17 roles, 453k, 0.6/10Other registered nursing professionals 720k employees, median £36,775, exposure 0.4/10Other registered nur…720k, 0.4/10Secondary education teaching professionals 466k employees, median £44,246, exposure 0.3/10Secondary education …466k, 0.3/10Business and financial project management professionals 291k employees, median £57,874, exposure 0.8/10Business and financi…291k, 0.8/10Primary education teaching professionals 400k employees, median £42,031, exposure 0.7/10Primary education te…400k, 0.7/10Management consultants and business analysts 241k employees, median £51,729, exposure 0.8/10Management c…241k, 0.8/10IT managers 213k employees, median £55,502, exposure 1.2/10IT managers213k, 1.2/10Higher education teaching professionals 246k employees, median £46,494, exposure 1.9/10Higher educa…246k, 1.9/10Finance and investment analysts and advisers 197k employees, median £47,776, exposure 0.2/10Finance and …197k, 0.2/10Engineering professionals n.e.c. 148k employees, median £47,985, exposure 1.8/10Engineering …148k, 1.8/10Solicitors and lawyers 127k employees, median £53,314, exposure 0.0/10Quality assurance and regulatory professionals 129k employees, median £47,969, exposure 0.8/10Marketing and commercial managers 100k employees, median £50,589, exposure 4.3/10Registered nurse practitioners 114k employees, median £41,392, exposure 0.4/10Business, research and administrative professionals n.e.c. 83k employees, median £55,106, exposure 2.3/10Social workers 105k employees, median £42,708, exposure 0.7/10Head teachers and principals 63k employees, median £70,977, exposure 0.3/10Research and development (r&d) managers 81k employees, median £54,857, exposure 0.9/10Business and related research professionals 99k employees, median £39,941, exposure 2.3/10Other health professionals n.e.c. 91k employees, median £38,033, exposure 1.0/10Chartered and certified accountants 75k employees, median £45,538, exposure 1.5/10Other Professional occupations (57 smaller occupations) 1.9m employees, weighted median £42,175, avg exposure 1.3/10Other Professional57 roles, 1.9m, 1.3/10Sales accounts and business development managers 415k employees, median £56,021, exposure 0.3/10Sales accoun…415k, 0.3/10Business sales executives 165k employees, median £36,498, exposure 1.3/10Business sal…Financial accounts managers 129k employees, median £45,162, exposure 5.7/10Financial ac…Science, engineering and production technicians n.e.c. 146k employees, median £34,475, exposure 1.3/10Science, eng…Human resources and industrial relations officers 138k employees, median £33,012, exposure 1.6/10Human resour…Other vocational and industrial trainers 125k employees, median £33,236, exposure 1.1/10Advertising and marketing associate professionals 133k employees, median £30,479, exposure 4.3/10Welfare and housing associate professionals n.e.c. 146k employees, median £26,640, exposure 2.1/10Engineering technicians 87k employees, median £44,330, exposure 1.3/10Other Associate professional occupations (40 smaller occupations) 1.6m employees, weighted median £33,608, avg exposure 2.4/10Other Associate40 roles, 1.6m, 2.4/10Other administrative occupations n.e.c. 728k employees, median £23,385, exposure 6.9/10Other adminis…728k, 6.9/10Book-keepers, payroll managers and wages clerks 272k employees, median £27,743, exposure 6.5/10Office managers 195k employees, median £35,000, exposure 0.8/10Personal assistants and other secretaries 164k employees, median £25,233, exposure 3.2/10National government administrative occupations 131k employees, median £31,363, exposure 3.3/10Records clerks and assistants 139k employees, median £26,312, exposure 3.9/10Receptionists 185k employees, median £18,152, exposure 2.2/10Other Administrative and secretarial occupations (17 smaller occupations) 747k employees, weighted median £27,975, avg exposure 3.2/10Other Administrative17 roles, 747k, 3.2/10Sales and retail assistants 895k employees, median £14,491, exposure 1.4/10Sales an…Customer service occupations n.e.c. 299k employees, median £24,438, exposure 5.8/10Customer s…299k, 5.8/10Other Sales and customer service occupations (11 smaller occupations) 308k employees, weighted median £24,328, avg exposure 2.1/10Other Sales11 roles, 308k, 2.1/10Warehouse operatives 449k employees, median £26,574, exposure 0.7/10Warehous…Cleaners and domestics 411k employees, median £11,852, exposure 0.2/10Cleaners…Kitchen and catering assistants 322k employees, median £11,840, exposure 0.1/10Postal workers, mail sorters and messengers 116k employees, median £29,761, exposure 1.8/10Other Elementary occupations (18 smaller occupations) 675k employees, weighted median £21,038, avg exposure 0.8/10Other Elementary18 roles, 675k, 0.8/10Metal working production and maintenance fitters and technicians 223k employees, median £40,002, exposure 0.7/10Metal wo…Chefs 152k employees, median £26,531, exposure 1.4/10Electricians and electrical fitters 97k employees, median £39,187, exposure 1.3/10Vehicle technicians, mechanics and electricians 98k employees, median £36,560, exposure 0.4/10Other Skilled trades occupations (34 smaller occupations) 822k employees, weighted median £34,481, avg exposure 0.8/10Other Skilled34 roles, 822k, 0.8/10Heavy and large goods vehicle drivers 204k employees, median £39,141, exposure 1.8/10Heavy an…Food, drink and tobacco process operatives 147k employees, median £27,267, exposure 0.8/10Other Process, plant and machine operatives (30 smaller occupations) 880k employees, weighted median £32,313, avg exposure 1.5/10Other Process,30 roles, 880k, 1.5/10Other Caring, leisure and other service occupations (15 smaller occupations) 512k employees, weighted median £23,016, avg exposure 1.1/10
Exposure (0–10)

The map works best on a wider screen. Here is the same data as a list. Search or sort to find your role, then tap through.

299 roles

  1. Data entry administrators16k employees, median £26,5347.9/10
  2. Communication operators15k employees, median £34,9347.0/10
  3. Sales administrators49k employees, median £27,1326.9/10
  4. Other administrative occupations n.e.c.728k employees, median £23,3856.9/10
  5. Book-keepers, payroll managers and wages clerks272k employees, median £27,7436.5/10
  6. Project support officers71k employees, median £34,2076.4/10
  7. Data analysts68k employees, median £38,1076.4/10
  8. Business associate professionals n.e.c.99k employees, median £33,0356.4/10
  9. Health care practice managers15k employees, median £38,9416.0/10
  10. Medical secretaries43k employees, median £24,0716.0/10
  11. Telephone salespersons9k employees, median £26,9446.0/10
  12. Customer service occupations n.e.c.299k employees, median £24,4385.8/10
  13. Financial and accounting technicians29k employees, median £53,2655.7/10
  14. Financial accounts managers129k employees, median £45,1625.7/10
  15. Authors, writers and translators20k employees, median £36,8655.4/10
  16. Elementary administration occupations n.e.c.23k employees, median £23,0054.7/10
  17. Security system installers and repairers9k employees, median £37,9914.4/10
  18. Marketing and commercial managers100k employees, median £50,5894.3/10
  19. Advertising accounts managers and creative directors31k employees, median £46,3564.3/10
  20. Advertising and marketing associate professionals133k employees, median £30,4794.3/10
  21. Finance officers28k employees, median £28,6103.9/10
  22. Financial administrative occupations n.e.c.98k employees, median £25,9363.9/10
  23. Records clerks and assistants139k employees, median £26,3123.9/10
  24. Pensions and insurance clerks and assistants35k employees, median £29,3293.9/10
  25. Bus and coach drivers83k employees, median £33,9473.9/10
  26. Actuaries, economists and statisticians43k employees, median £51,5203.8/10
  27. Legal secretaries22k employees, median £24,2633.7/10
  28. Library clerks and assistants18k employees, median £18,6593.6/10
  29. Electronics engineers (professional)17k employees, median £51,9733.5/10
  30. Telecoms and related network installers and repairers25k employees, median £39,6523.5/10
  31. Newspaper, periodical and broadcast editors26k employees, median £41,5833.4/10
  32. Newspaper and periodical broadcast journalists and reporters17k employees, median £42,1693.4/10
  33. Transport and distribution clerks and assistants55k employees, median £32,0603.4/10
  34. National government administrative occupations131k employees, median £31,3633.3/10
  35. Local government administrative occupations59k employees, median £27,6423.3/10
  36. School secretaries23k employees, median £22,1553.3/10
  37. Personal assistants and other secretaries164k employees, median £25,2333.2/10
  38. Pharmaceutical technicians27k employees, median £28,3812.9/10
  39. Pharmacy and optical dispensing assistants47k employees, median £17,9932.9/10
  40. Train and tram drivers26k employees, median £76,1762.8/10
  41. Debt, rent and other cash collectors10k employees, median £27,4542.7/10
  42. Environmental health professionals10k employees, median £40,0442.6/10
  43. Health and safety managers and officers66k employees, median £44,5512.6/10
  44. Human resources administrative occupations19k employees, median £25,5312.6/10
  45. Sales related occupations n.e.c.20k employees, median £28,8702.6/10
  46. Routine inspectors and testers36k employees, median £33,9822.6/10
  47. Bank and post office clerks66k employees, median £27,6712.5/10
  48. Electrical engineers35k employees, median £59,9302.4/10
  49. Credit controllers24k employees, median £26,9812.4/10
  50. Business and related research professionals99k employees, median £39,9412.3/10
  51. Business, research and administrative professionals n.e.c.83k employees, median £55,1062.3/10
  52. Public relations professionals39k employees, median £36,3362.3/10
  53. Public services associate professionals82k employees, median £38,4542.3/10
  54. Receptionists185k employees, median £18,1522.2/10
  55. Youth and community workers102k employees, median £27,7112.1/10
  56. Child and early years officers53k employees, median £29,3472.1/10
  57. Housing officers45k employees, median £32,5422.1/10
  58. Welfare and housing associate professionals n.e.c.146k employees, median £26,6402.1/10
  59. Printers8k employees, median £31,3672.1/10
  60. Retail cashiers and check-out operators51k employees, median £14,0182.1/10
  61. Printing machine assistants10k employees, median £29,6572.1/10
  62. Leisure and sports managers and proprietors32k employees, median £33,3422.0/10
  63. Midwifery nurses46k employees, median £39,3272.0/10
  64. Prison service officers (below principal officer)9k employees, median £31,6032.0/10
  65. Production and process engineers53k employees, median £47,7111.9/10
  66. Higher education teaching professionals246k employees, median £46,4941.9/10
  67. Special and additional needs education teaching professionals37k employees, median £40,3631.9/10
  68. Electrical and electronics technicians16k employees, median £35,0181.9/10
  69. Stock control clerks and assistants69k employees, median £28,8511.9/10
  70. Engineering project managers and project engineers63k employees, median £52,4511.8/10
  71. Engineering professionals n.e.c.148k employees, median £47,9851.8/10
  72. Quantity surveyors38k employees, median £51,9501.8/10
  73. Clergy41k employees, median £30,6551.8/10
  74. Quality control and planning engineers50k employees, median £42,5111.8/10
  75. Call and contact centre occupations35k employees, median £25,4401.8/10
  76. Assemblers (vehicles and metal goods)40k employees, median £31,0411.8/10
  77. Assemblers and routine operatives n.e.c.53k employees, median £26,9751.8/10
  78. Heavy and large goods vehicle drivers204k employees, median £39,1411.8/10
  79. Postal workers, mail sorters and messengers116k employees, median £29,7611.8/10
  80. Education advisers and school inspectors22k employees, median £41,5351.7/10

Showing the top 80. Refine the search to find a specific role.

Each tile is a UK occupation. Area shows the total wage bill, employees times median pay. Colour shows AI exposure on a 0 to 10 scale, lighter to darker. The biggest 60 occupations are named, and smaller ones are grouped into an "Other" tile within their major group. Click a named tile to see its tasks.

How to read it.

Each tile is an occupation. A bigger tile means more employees times pay. A darker tile means higher exposure to AI on a 0 to 10 scale. Click a tile for the tasks underneath.

Scores come from Eloundou et al (2023), who labelled about 19,000 O*NET work tasks by how much a language model can do them. Tile colours use the strict reading, direct replacement. The figure on the right of the headline uses the generous reading, which counts tasks a model can do when paired with tools.

Employment and pay come from ONS ASHE 2025. That covers employees only, so self-employed workers are missing from the wage bill and freelance-heavy trades are under-weighted.

Read it as a map, not a verdict. A high score does not mean the role disappears. It means a lot of the task list is within reach of AI, and the useful question becomes which tasks you can stop doing, and what you do with the time.

Full methodology or the technical PDF.

Why senior roles look low.

Exposure is measured task by task. Senior roles are mostly decisions, relationships and judgement calls, which the original annotators rightly labelled as beyond direct replacement. The same roles also do a great deal of drafting, analysis and review, where AI helps a lot.

The strict reading misses that. The with-tools reading, shown on each role's page, catches it. For solicitors the two readings are 0.0 and 8.5, near the top of the range once AI works with the firm's own documents, templates and search.

One limit to keep in mind: the task labels were made in 2023 against early GPT-4. Current models can do considerably more, so treat even the with-tools reading as a floor.

Where money meets exposure.

Wage exposure is the exposure score times employees times median annual pay. These are not roles that will disappear.

  1. Other administrative occupations n.e.c.* £11.75bn 6.9 of 10
  2. Book-keepers, payroll managers and wages clerks £4.90bn 6.5 of 10
  3. Customer service occupations n.e.c.* £4.24bn 5.8 of 10
  4. Financial accounts managers £3.32bn 5.7 of 10
  5. Marketing and commercial managers £2.18bn 4.3 of 10
  6. Higher education teaching professionals £2.17bn 1.9 of 10
  7. Business associate professionals n.e.c.* £2.09bn 6.4 of 10
  8. Sales and retail assistants £1.82bn 1.4 of 10
  9. Production managers and directors in manufacturing £1.77bn 0.7 of 10
  10. Advertising and marketing associate professionals £1.74bn 4.3 of 10

* "Not elsewhere classified": residual SOC 2020 groups that gather smaller occupations. A high score there is an average across a mixed set of tasks, so read it with care.

What it means for your sector.

All guides

Browse all 412 occupations

Actors, entertainers and presentersActuaries, economists and statisticiansAdvertising accounts managers and creative directorsAdvertising and marketing associate professionalsAerospace engineersAgricultural and fishing trades n.e.c.Air transport operativesAir travel assistantsAir-conditioning and refrigeration installers and repairersAircraft maintenance and related tradesAircraft pilots and air traffic controllersAmbulance staff (excluding paramedics)Animal care services occupations n.e.cArchitectsArchivists, conservators and curatorsArtistsArts officers, producers and directorsAssemblers (electrical and electronic products)Assemblers (vehicles and metal goods)Assemblers and routine operatives n.e.c.Authors, writers and translatorsBakers and flour confectionersBank and post office clerksBar and catering supervisorsBar staffBarristers and judgesBeauticians and related occupationsBed and breakfast and guest house owners and proprietorsBetting shop and gambling establishment managersBiochemists and biomedical scientistsBiological scientistsBoat and ship builders and repairersBook-keepers, payroll managers and wages clerksBricklayersBrokersBuilding and civil engineering techniciansBus and coach driversBusiness and financial project management professionalsBusiness and related research professionalsBusiness associate professionals n.e.c.Business sales executivesBusiness, research and administrative professionals n.e.c.ButchersBuyers and procurement officersCAD, drawing and architectural techniciansCall and contact centre occupationsCare escortsCare workers and home carersCareers advisers and vocational guidance specialistsCaretakersCarpenters and joinersCatering and bar managersCharitable organisation managers and directorsChartered and certified accountantsChartered architectural technologists, planning officers and consultantsChartered surveyorsChefsChemical and related process operativesChemical scientistsChief executives and senior officialsChild and early years officersChildmindersCivil engineersCleaners and domesticsCleaning and housekeeping managers and supervisorsClergyClinical psychologistsClothing, fashion and accessories designersCoffee shop workersCollector salespersons and credit agentsCommunication operatorsCompany secretaries and administratorsComplementary health associate professionalsComputer system and equipment installers and servicersConservation professionalsConstruction and building trades n.e.c.Construction and building trades supervisorsConstruction operatives n.e.c.Construction project managers and related professionalsCooksCounsellorsCrane driversCredit controllersCustomer service managersCustomer service occupations n.e.c.Customer service supervisorsCyber security professionalsDancers and choreographersData analystsData entry administratorsDatabase administrators and web content techniciansDebt, rent and other cash collectorsDelivery drivers and couriersDelivery operativesDental nursesDental practitionersDesign occupations n.e.c.Directors in consultancy servicesDirectors in logistics, warehousing and transportDispensing opticiansDriving instructorsEarly education and childcare assistantsEarly education and childcare practitionersEarly education and childcare services managersEarly education and childcare services proprietorsEducation advisers and school inspectorsEducation managersEducational support assistantsElected officers and representativesElectrical and electronic trades n.e.c.Electrical and electronics techniciansElectrical engineersElectrical service and maintenance mechanics and repairersElectricians and electrical fittersElectronics engineers (professional)Elementary administration occupations n.e.c.Elementary cleaning occupations n.e.c.Elementary construction occupations n.e.c.Elementary process plant occupations n.e.c.Elementary sales occupations n.e.c.Elementary storage occupations n.e.c.Elementary storage supervisorsEnergy plant operativesEngineering professionals n.e.c.Engineering project managers and project engineersEngineering techniciansEnvironment professionalsEnvironmental health professionalsEstate agents and auctioneersEstimators, valuers and assessorsEvents managers and organisersExam invigilatorsFarm workersFarmersFinance and investment analysts and advisersFinance officersFinancial accounts managersFinancial administrative occupations n.e.c.Financial and accounting techniciansFinancial managers and directorsFire service officers (watch manager and below)Fishing and other elementary agriculture occupations n.e.c.Fishmongers and poultry dressersFitness and wellbeing instructorsFloorers and wall tilersFloristsFood, drink and tobacco process operativesFootwear and leather working tradesForestry and related workersFork-lift truck driversFunctional managers and directors n.e.c.Furniture makers and other craft woodworkersFurther education teaching professionalsGarage managers and proprietorsGardeners and landscape gardenersGeneralist medical practitionersGlass and ceramics makers, decorators and finishersGlaziers, window fabricators and fittersGraphic and multimedia designersGroundsmen and greenkeepersGroundworkersHairdressers and barbersHairdressing and beauty salon managers and proprietorsHead teachers and principalsHealth and safety managers and officersHealth associate professionals n.e.c.Health care practice managersHealth services and public health managers and directorsHeavy and large goods vehicle driversHigher education teaching professionalsHigher level teaching assistantsHire services managers and proprietorsHorticultural tradesHospital portersHotel and accommodation managers and proprietorsHousekeepers and related occupationsHouseparents and residential wardensHousing officersHuman resource managers and directorsHuman resources administrative occupationsHuman resources and industrial relations officersImporters and exportersIndustrial cleaning process occupationsInformation technology directorsInformation technology professionals n.e.c.Information technology trainersInspectors of standards and regulationsInsurance underwritersInterior designersIT business analysts, architects and systems designersIT managersIT network professionalsIT project managersIT quality and testing professionalsIT techniciansIT user support techniciansKitchen and catering assistantsLaboratory techniciansLaunderers, dry cleaners and pressersLegal associate professionalsLegal professionals n.e.c.Legal secretariesLeisure and sports managers and proprietorsLeisure and theme park attendantsLeisure and travel service occupations n.e.c.LibrariansLibrary clerks and assistantsLocal government administrative occupationsManagement consultants and business analystsManagers and directors in retail and wholesaleManagers and directors in the creative industriesManagers and proprietors in agriculture and horticultureManagers and proprietors in forestry, fishing and related servicesManagers and proprietors in other services n.e.c.Managers in logisticsManagers in storage and warehousingManagers in transport and distributionMarine and waterways transport operativesMarket and street traders and assistantsMarket research interviewersMarketing and commercial managersMarketing, sales and advertising directorsMechanical engineers (professional)Medical and dental techniciansMedical radiographersMedical secretariesMerchandisersMetal machining setters and setter-operatorsMetal making and treating process operativesMetal plate workers, smiths, moulders and related occupationsMetal working machine operativesMetal working production and maintenance fitters and techniciansMidwifery nursesMining and quarry workers and related operativesMobile machine drivers and operatives n.e.c.MusiciansNannies and au pairsNational government administrative occupationsNatural and social science professionals n.e.c.Newspaper and periodical broadcast journalists and reportersNewspaper, periodical and broadcast editorsNon-commissioned officers and other ranksNursery education teaching professionalsNursing auxiliaries and assistantsOccupational therapistsOffice managersOffice supervisorsOfficers in armed forcesOfficers of non-governmental organisationsOptometristsOther administrative occupations n.e.c.Other drivers and transport operatives n.e.c.Other educational professionals n.e.cOther elementary services occupations n.e.c.Other health professionals n.e.c.Other psychologistsOther registered nursing professionalsOther researchers, unspecified disciplineOther skilled trades n.e.c.Other vocational and industrial trainersPackers, bottlers, canners and fillersPainters and decoratorsPaper and wood machine operativesParamedicsParking and civil enforcement occupationsPensions and insurance clerks and assistantsPersonal assistants and other secretariesPest controllersPharmaceutical techniciansPharmacistsPharmacy and optical dispensing assistantsPhotographers, audio-visual and broadcasting equipment operatorsPhysical scientistsPhysiotherapistsPipe fittersPlanning, process and production techniciansPlant and machine operatives n.e.c.PlasterersPlastics process operativesPlayworkersPlumbers and heating and ventilating installers and repairersPodiatristsPolice community support officersPolice officers (sergeant and below)Postal workers, mail sorters and messengersPre-press techniciansPrecision instrument makers and repairersPrimary education teaching professionalsPrint finishing and binding workersPrintersPrinting machine assistantsPrison service officers (below principal officer)Probation officersProcess operatives n.e.c.Production and process engineersProduction managers and directors in constructionProduction managers and directors in manufacturingProduction managers and directors in mining and energyProduction, factory and assembly supervisorsProfessional/chartered company secretariesProgrammers and software development professionalsProject support officersProperty, housing and estate managersProtective service associate professionals n.e.c.Psychotherapists and cognitive behaviour therapistsPublic relations and communications directorsPublic relations professionalsPublic services associate professionalsPublicans and managers of licensed premisesPurchasing managers and directorsQuality assurance and regulatory professionalsQuality assurance techniciansQuality control and planning engineersQuantity surveyorsRail and rolling stock builders and repairersRail construction and maintenance operativesRail transport operativesRail travel assistantsReceptionistsRecords clerks and assistantsRefuse and salvage occupationsRegistered children's nursesRegistered community nursesRegistered mental health nursesRegistered nurse practitionersRegistered specialist nursesResearch and development (r&d) managersResidential, day and domiciliary care managers and proprietorsRestaurant and catering establishment managers and proprietorsRetail cashiers and check-out operatorsRoad construction operativesRoad transport drivers n.e.c.Roofers, roof tilers and slatersRoundspersons and van salespersonsRoutine inspectors and testersSales accounts and business development managersSales administratorsSales and retail assistantsSales related occupations n.e.c.Sales supervisors - retail and wholesaleScaffolders, stagers and riggersSchool midday and crossing patrol occupationsSchool secretariesScience, engineering and production technicians n.e.c.Secondary education teaching professionalsSecurity guards and related occupationsSecurity system installers and repairersSenior care workersSenior officers in fire, ambulance, prison and related servicesSenior police officersSewing machinistsSheet metal workersShelf fillersShip and hovercraft officersShopkeepers and owners - retail and wholesaleSkilled metal, electrical and electronic trades supervisorsSocial and humanities scientistsSocial services managers and directorsSocial workersSolicitors and lawyersSpecial and additional needs education teaching professionalsSpecialist medical practitioners and consultantsSpeech and language therapistsSports and leisure assistantsSports coaches, instructors and officialsSports playersSteel erectorsStock control clerks and assistantsStonemasons and related tradesStreet cleanersTailors and dressmakersTaxation expertsTaxi and cab drivers and chauffeursTeachers of english as a foreign languageTeaching assistantsTeaching professionals n.e.c.Telecoms and related network installers and repairersTelephone salespersonsTelephonistsTextile process operativesTextiles, garments and related trades n.e.c.Therapy professionals n.e.c.Tool makers, tool fitters and markers-outTrain and tram driversTransport and distribution clerks and assistantsTravel agency managers and proprietorsTravel agentsTv, video and audio servicers and repairersTypists and related keyboard occupationsTyre, exhaust and windscreen fittersUndertakers, mortuary and crematorium assistantsUpholsterersVehicle and parts salespersons and advisersVehicle body builders and repairersVehicle paint techniciansVehicle technicians, mechanics and electriciansVehicle valeters and cleanersVeterinariansVeterinary nursesVisual merchandisers and related occupationsWaiters and waitressesWarehouse operativesWaste disposal and environmental services managersWater and sewerage plant operativesWeb design professionalsWeighers, graders and sortersWelding tradesWelfare and housing associate professionals n.e.c.Welfare professionals n.e.c.Window cleanersYouth and community workersYouth work professionals

Sources

  • ONS SOC 2020 Volume 1, structure and descriptions of unit groups, 2025-12-03, OGL v3.0
  • ONS SOC 2020 Volume 2, coding index (contains SOC 2020 ↔ ISCO-08), 2025-12-03, OGL v3.0
  • O*NET 30.2 database (tab-delimited, ZIP), 30.2, CC BY 4.0
  • Eloundou et al, per-task AI exposure scores (full_labelset.tsv, alpha = direct exposure), 0471612f (pinned), MIT (repo)
  • US BLS, ISCO-08 ↔ US SOC 2010 crosswalk, 2012 (crosswalk current), Public Domain (US Government work)
  • ONS ASHE Table 14, occupation (4-digit SOC 2020), 2025 provisional (includes employment count and gross annual pay), 2025 provisional (released 2025-10-23), OGL v3.0

Built 29 April 2026. Covers 91.99% of UK SOC 2020 unit groups (379 of 412).

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